The CRR/CRD framework applies primarily to credit institutions and systemically important investment firms (Class 1 under IFR). It imposes minimum capital requirements, supervisory reviews, and transparency obligations, along with liquidity rules such as the LCR and NSFR. Large EU banks or systemic broker-dealers typically use this framework.  In contrast,… Read More »How is the Capital Requirements Regulation different from the Investment Firms Regulation?

As law is not a static but dynamic phenomenon, and ever since these matters are of extreme importance to all inhabitants of the European Union, the right of access has been raised to the Court of Justice of the European Union (“CJEU”) as the final… Read More »The application of the Right of Access by the Court of Justice of the European Union

Within the European Union (“EU”), privacy and personal data protection matters are regulated by the General Data Protection Regulation (EU) 2016/679[1] (also known as “GDPR”) as well as by each EU Country’s (hereinafter “Member State”) legislative and regulatory privacy framework. The GDPR, preceded by the Data… Read More »What is the Right of Access?

The Malta Financial Services Authority (MFSA) has initiated a public consultation on proposed changes to the Capital Markets Rules, representing a key milestone in establishing a dedicated regulatory framework for sukuk Shariah-compliant financial instruments in Malta’s capital markets. What is Sukuk? Sukuk (often referred to… Read More »Can Malta Become a Gateway for Islamic Capital Through Sukuk?